澳洲广播电台第六集：就业机会(页 1) - 澳洲留学移民 - 澳大利亚广播电台 -
2006-8-7 03:41
城市童话
澳洲广播电台第六集：就业机会
在过去的30年中，澳大利亚经济结构出现了巨大的变化：完成了从制造业为主体到服务业为主体的转型，在21世纪创造财富的企业类型和就业种类充分体现了这一变化。
[color=Red]详细内容请看二,三,四楼[/color]
在过去的30年中，澳大利亚经济结构出现了巨大的变化：完成了从制造业为主体到服务业为主体的转型，在21世纪创造财富的企业类型和就业种类充分体现了这一变化。
[color=Red]详细内容请看二,三,四楼[/color]
2006-8-7 03:42
城市童话
中文详细内容
[quote]
（插播音乐：布罗德里克·史密斯的《父亲的手》，出自专辑《父子之歌》）
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
大家好，这里是“今日澳洲”节目，我是苏·斯拉梅。
今天的节目是“就业机会”。
二战后澳大利亚经济持续繁荣发展。二十世纪九十年代这十年经济发展势头最为强劲。
在这十年中，澳大利亚人均产出的增长速度超过了其它发达国家，而通货膨胀率和银行利率却一直保持在三十年来的最低水平。
二零零一年至二零零二年的国民经济核算显示，澳大利亚的人均产出以百分之二点八的速度稳步增长。现在，产出不仅包括工业产品，还包括大量的计算机类产品。
计算机相关产业每年能为澳大利亚创造一万五千个就业机会。而在所有的经济合作组织成员国中，澳大利亚的制造业在国民产出和就业方面的比重下降最快，已经从六十年代的百分之二十八降至二零零一年的百分之十一点五。
[b]凯文·奥康纳：[/b]
二十五至三十年前，当你在远郊驾车或漫步时，你会看到大片、大片有着特殊房顶的房子，那些就是工厂的厂房。现在，你也许还会看到一些这样的建筑物，但更多的是小型建筑，装着玻璃墙面，前面还有草坪。也许你会认为这些都是办公室。但人们在这里设计产品，开发计算机软件，或对其他产品的生产过程进行改进。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
凯文· 奥康纳是一位地理学家，是《澳大利亚经济地理之变迁》一书的作者之一。
代表“新兴经济”的计算机相关产业不曾建立在中央商业区，而是在澳大利亚两大城市周边的住宅区——郊区。这就是澳大利亚最大的城市悉尼和与之匹敌的南方都市墨尔本……
[b]凯文· 奥康纳：[/b]
“新兴经济”的地理特征之一是经济活动高度集中，这一点以计算机业和电信业尤为突出。从全球范围来看，硅谷是最典型的例子。在伦敦郊区以及巴黎南部都有相似的产业聚集地，而德国南部的这种产业基地规模稍小。这些产业基地常常需要紧密相邻，因为这些商业活动不仅要共享劳动力资源，还常有转包业务的往来。当计算机产业刚刚在澳大利亚起步发展时，首先就落户在北悉尼地区和墨尔本的圣基尔达路（St Kilda），这两个地区都位于中央商业区的边缘地带。由于中央商业区的租金太高了，而这个尚在发展中的年轻产业无法入驻中央商业区的核心地带。在悉尼，计算机产业向北扩张，形成了一个规模巨大的“工业走廊”，甚至延伸到了麦夸里大学和莱德市（Ryde）。这个地区集中了许多国际知名的信息技术管理公司和通信公司。在墨尔本，计算机产业的规模相对小一些。但是，在圣基尔达路有较大的产业群，东南部郊区也正在形成一个类似的小型基地。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
我去参观墨尔本东南郊一个高科技产业基地时，遇到了亚历克斯·坤。他是受过良好教育的数码一代的典型代表，这些年轻人都有望在新兴经济中得到一份好工作。
亚历克斯·坤正在斯温伯恩科技大学攻读电信工程与互联网技术和计算机科学与工程的双学位。
[b]亚历克斯·坤：[/b]
斯温伯恩科技大学开设了校内教育和校外实习结合的学习项目。通过这一项目，目前我正在一家名为赫利普里克斯（Heliplex）的公司工作。该公司开发了一套高速光学网络设备，现在公司正全力在亚洲市场上推销这个产品。我所从事的工作就是在这些产品面市之前帮他们进行检测，同时负责公司内部网络的运转。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
那么，这些产品就是我们所说的全新数码时代的通道，这些通道可以用于信息传输，就像电话和互联网一样，对吗？
[b]亚历克斯·坤：[/b]
没错，的确如此。公司正在生产一种利用光学技术进行高速数据传输的高科技设备。目前，光学技术是最新的数据传输方式。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
与许多澳大利亚同龄人不同，亚历克斯小时候并没有接触过多少计算机。他出生在柬埔寨，在孩提时代随家人移民到澳大利亚。
[b]亚历克斯·坤：[/b]
我是一九九五年来澳大利亚的。之前在柬埔寨，我甚至不知道计算机是什么。有一天，我捡到了一张软盘。我看了看，不知道是什么东西。我把外面一层揭开，看了看里面，还是一无所知，直到后来我到了澳大利亚，开始学习英语，接受学校教育，到今天我还成了这个领域的半个行家。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
你们全家来到这里后，不得不白手起家开始新生活。同你的父母相比，你怎么看你在这儿成长和学习的经历，还有你的工作前景？
[b]亚历克斯·坤：[/b]
他们的经历确实如此。我父母那一代到澳大利亚的移民英语不好，也不具备这个国家所需要的技能。所以他们的选择有限，不是当工人就是务农；而我们年轻一代就要好得多，如果家里的经济条件允许，能够上大学，就有希望拥有更美好的未来。现在是信息时代，一切都是有可能的，所以……
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
亚历克斯·坤很可能会实现他的梦想——成为一个网络管理员。
八十年代中期以来，计算机和管理类工作岗位增长了百分之三十以上。虽然具备相关技能和受过教育的人拥有很多的工作机遇，但却很难再找到二战后那些年里为数众多、技术要求不高的工厂全日制工作了。近年来，就业机会的增长点主要是兼职工作和临时性工作，而不是全职岗位和永久性职位。
阿黛尔·莫多洛是墨尔本职业妇女保健中心的负责人，这是一个非政府组织，主要为那些将在工厂里工作的女性移民提供信息和培训服务。
[b]阿黛尔·莫多洛：[/b]
与信息技术产业和许多其它领域不同，制造业并不是一个有发展潜力的产业。相反，这个产业正面临劳动力需求萎缩的状况。我们发现，尤其在制造业中，那些所谓技术含量低的工作越来越少，而白领和管理类的工作在增加。由此我们想象一下，过去和现在的女性移民能够找到什么样的工作。特别是那些英语不是很好的人，她们面临的是一个陌生的国度，所有的制度体系对于她们来说也都是陌生的，因此，那些女性移民所得到的工作机会远远少于其它社会群体。
（插播音乐：选自“超级男孩”专辑《振翅高飞》）
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
目前对劳动力市场的管制越来越少，工会也没有在这个领域发挥任何作用。二十世纪九十年代，在澳大利亚增加的工作岗位中，兼职岗位占到百分之七十以上，全职岗位只占所有新增岗位的百分之二十五左右。
这对那些想购房以圆其“澳大利亚家园梦”的工人们来说，取得银行贷款更是困难重重， 而这个梦想是澳大利亚战后一代人的共同追求， 不管是生长在澳大利亚的人，还是新来的移民……
[b]阿黛尔·莫多洛：[/b]
就从这宏大的‘澳大利亚家园梦’谈起吧。毫无疑问，这个买一所占地约四分之一英亩大小的房子定居下来的神话，目前对于很多人来说都变得遥不可及。现在人们很难找到长期的全职工作。人越来越多，并且人们的期望同六十年代相比也变得越来越不一样了。我知道澳大利亚经历过经济萧条的时期。在那段日子里，无论是移民还是澳大利亚本地人都很难找到工作。但是一旦找到了工作，通常就是长期工作，条件也比现在好，并且他们一般都会参加工会。我父母那一代人即使是在工厂工作，在医疗保健、假期以及工作稳定性方面也都能够享受一些很好的待遇。我必须指出的一点是，移民们一般都足智多谋，互相帮助，他们会群策群力。如果一个家庭没有足够的能力买一栋房子，那么他们几家人甚至整个社区都联合起来去买房子。然而对于那些工厂工人或者作临时清洁工的家庭来讲，由于没有固定的工作，从银行获得贷款犹为困难。外面的就业市场十分不稳定，而且我想银行一定也了解这些情况，因此人们不能很好地规划自己的未来，不能为两三年以后的生活做出更长远的打算。
（插播音乐：选自“超级男孩”专辑《振翅高飞》）
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
墨尔本大学的地理学家凯文·奥康纳指出，就业增长的分布及计算机和信息科技产业创造的财富的分布都十分不均衡。尤其在悉尼和墨尔本，高薪职位增长态势良好，这与迫切需要经济发展动力的乡村以及小市镇形成了极大的反差。
[b]凯文·奥康纳：[/b]
现在大家看到的情况和二十世纪五、六十年代的情况差不多，待遇差的制造业都集中在成本低廉的乡镇或较小的州首府城市里，而真正的好工作仍然集中在大城市。如今的情形也大致如此，与信息管理、决策、项目计划和销售谈判等相关的高薪工作全都集中在悉尼和墨尔本。但是原始的信息处理和日常的工作则分布在小城镇或者像阿德雷德或霍巴特这样的小城市。对于这类分布有一个通常的叫法，就是我们所说的“呼叫中心”，这也是这种分布状况的关键所在，就是指通过电信系统把简单的工作转移到非中心的地方去。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
那些远离大城市、居住在小城镇或乡村的澳大利亚人感到迷茫，不知如何才能为当地创造新的就业机会。
这些年来，人们看到，与计算机和电视机等进口的科技产品相比，矿产品、羊毛、小麦和牛肉等澳大利亚的传统出口产品的价格下降了不少。
这种反差令人瞠目，如今，卖出一吨原煤只能买回两张光盘，而两吨小麦也只能换回一部手机。
考拉郡是位于悉尼以西三百公里的一个小镇，格雷厄姆·阿普索普是当地经济发展委员会的负责人。
[b]格雷厄姆·阿普索普：[/b]
对此我们是有些担忧，这并不是媒体的炒作。我受雇于当地政府已有三十一年了，从事经济发展工作有十五年左右。我当然注意到了生活中的这些变化。在这些小城镇中并没有人忍饥挨饿，这样的事情也绝对不会发生。与世界上其他许多国家相比，我们做得相当不错。但目前我们面临的问题是许多地区的人口在持续下降。在保持人口正增长的地方，年增长率通常也远远低于百分之一。即使是情况稍好的地区，年增长率也就大约百分之一点五。此外，我们还看到，全职工作岗位在日益减少，增值产业的发展机会也微乎其微。在小城镇，第二产业的形成或发展完全借助这些地区出产的商品。目前商品的销售状况很不错。猪肉的价格很好，羊肉、羊羔肉和羊毛的价格也不错。但是当你将这些商品的价格放在一个较长时间内进行分析，你会发现，这些商品平均价格通常处于较低水平。因此，我们确实需要确定哪些是增值产业，建立增值产业，促进现有产业的发展，并鼓励新兴产业进入这些地区。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
澳大利亚地方政府联合会代表了澳大利亚联邦三级政治体系中最基层，即市政当局工作人员的利益。
近来，地方政府联合会和注册会计师协会联手，游说首都堪培拉澳大利亚联邦政府中的政客们。他们希望那些政界人士考虑在经济欠发达地区建立“产业开发区”，以此吸引投资和刺激就业增长。他们建议，凡在产业开发区内创建或发展的企业，应当享受税收优惠并获得基础设施建设投资津贴。
[b]格雷厄姆·阿普索普：[/b]
这是由地方政府提出的基层发展计划。澳大利亚约有八百五十个地方政府机构。注册会计师协会约有三万五千名成员，在为八十多万个小企业服务。我们实际上是两个并行的体系，在具体实施这个项目时才联起手来。但我们的经验是，无论对地方政府来说，还是对企业来说，小市镇的情况都不妙。这些地方确实需要一些优惠政策，才能在同一起跑线上参与竞争。我们考虑的主要运作机制，就是建立产业开发区。在税收优惠的基础上，企业能够有所作为，获得一些利润，进行新的投资，提供新的工作机会。企业得到的回报就是税收优惠。由于澳大利亚主要税收权力掌握在联邦政府手中，我们希望联邦政府能够带头，与州政府展开协作，提供税收优惠，因为大多数州政府都征收工资税。当然，地方政府也有能力减轻新企业在拓展业务方面的负担。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
同样，也会有风险，对吧？一些企业，甚至是那些接受政府资助或获得税收优惠待遇的企业，看到国内形势不好时，就改向海外投资，这无论是对联邦政府还是州政府、地方政府都会造成一定的压力。以前就发生过这种事，对吧？一些公司转向海外投资，以寻求更优惠的税收政策和更廉价的劳动力。
[b]格雷厄姆·阿普索普：[/b]
确实是这样的。我认为澳大利亚电影业目前正面临这种情况，许多公司正从银幕上消失。“产业开发区”的整个系统运作一定要透明并简单易行，任何人拿起一套相关文件都能看明白。税收优惠政策需要透明化，企业所享受到的优惠也要透明化。但现在的实际情况是，政府，尤其是州政府可能会采用关起门来达成私下交易的办法设法让比如说一个大公司把它的地区总部设在一个大城市里，这种作法使大家不了解情况，无法全面了解政府所提供的激励性优惠政策。你说有些公司会撤资抽身，的确是这样的，目前没有什么保障。总的说来，当地居民并不知道这些公司承诺过提供什么样的工作，或这些承诺是否已经兑现了。根据我们在美国的考察，这种产业开发区体制透明度很高，相关文件通俗易懂，而且这些企业肩负着创造工作岗位、增加投资、使用当地产机械设备和采购当地库存物资的义务。当企业履行了这些义务，或者是被认为已经完成了预期目标后，他们就会得到相应的回报。这种机制还要求企业将这些内容写入前景规划和企业计划。人们普遍认为，地方上多数的就业机会基本上是由现有企业创造的。所以无论如何，那些企业都会在那里。在这些地方，企业打点存货，移师海外的风险就会降到最低。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
格雷厄姆·阿普索普现任新南威士尔州地方政府和区县联合会 “产业开发区”工作小组的负责人。
然而，地理学家凯文·奥康纳对于“产业开发区”倡议书中提出的税收优惠政策仍然心存疑虑。他怀疑这项政策能否吸引信息技术工作者去乡村城镇工作……
[b]凯文·奥康纳：[/b]
当年英美发展“产业开发区”是为了解决他们内陆城市出现的问题，这基本上是对内陆城市非工业化趋势的一种应对措施。我觉得这种措施有一定道理，对澳大利亚的一些光纤干网线路区而言，尤其如此。实际上澳大利亚一些乡村小镇由于位于悉尼和墨尔本之间，或是墨尔本和阿德雷德之间，或者位于其他大城市之间而拥有了重要的电信基础设施，因为联通这些大城市的光纤干线从这些城镇通过，所以位于这种地点的小城市就可以明智地利用这种便利条件。当然，问题是，产业开发区的整体理念是建立在这样一个基础之上：地理位置的选择与建设成本、土地的成本、税收水平以及企业经营必需的种种外部条件息息相关。然而，在新兴经济中，最基本的要素似乎就是解决劳动力、供货和销售的问题。所以为企业提供帮助、引入激励机制，并不会让他们动心，他们不太在乎土地成本、劳动力成本和建设成本这些事情，这些优惠政策不能吸引到大量的投资商。我也不知道该如何改变这种状况。但我觉得，要改变这一行业的本质特征，要开发新的产业区，我们需要花不少心思。还有人认为，这种改变可能取决于不同地区的生活质量。因为一个国家的有些地方生活条件确实不错，IT从业人员可能更愿意生活在那里。不过，目前来自美国的信息和分析表明，IT从业人员确实偏好高质量的生活，而且在他们眼里，高质量的生活就是大城市里的生活。
（插播音乐：《情迷数码世界》，选自“超级男孩”专辑《振翅高飞》）
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
总部位于班加罗尔的INFOSYS公司是印度最大的IT公司之一。他们在公司二零零二年年度计划中宣布，将在澳大利亚的第二大城市墨尔本拓展其业务。这一举措似乎证明了凯文·奥康纳的观点，即 IT从业人员更喜欢在大城市工作。就此，我们请INFOSYS公司的创始人兼总监纳拉亚那·默尔蒂先生，请他谈谈为什么选择了墨尔本。
[b]纳拉亚那·默尔蒂：[/b]
众所周知，现在班加罗尔的软件出口大概占了全印度的百分之三十五左右。作为维多利亚州的首府，墨尔本是一个了不起的城市。原因有很多，一是墨尔本人才济济，二是基础设施完备，三是许多大公司都在这里，四是，这里可是墨尔本板球场（MCG）的所在地。所以，为什么不选择墨尔本呢？
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
嗯，是的，我想除了板球的原因外，在一个世纪前，工业家们可能会选择原材料丰富的地方作为发展基地。那么什么才是软件和信息技术产业需要的原材料呢？是人才？还是资源？
[b]纳拉亚那·默尔蒂：[/b]
嗯，我们公司一向致力于开发用以提高企业效率的应用软件，正因为如此，对我们来说，人力资源，也就是人的智力资源是最重要的。我相信墨尔本乃至维多利亚全州都有着相当丰富的人力资源。例如，维多利亚州每年就培养出六千多名IT专业人才，数量十分可观，这样我们需要的原材料就都有了。
苏·斯拉梅：在其它新兴的通信技术公司忙于裁员时， INFOSYS公司的业绩却蒸蒸日上，规模日益扩大。那么信息业和通信业是否能够创造出新的工作机会，为印度，或者为曾是澳大利亚制造业王国中心的墨尔本创造新的财富呢？对此您是否有信心？
[b]纳拉亚那·默尔蒂：[/b]
是的，对此我非常乐观，信息技术产业一定能够为墨尔本、为维多利亚州、为班加罗尔、为印度创造新的价值。原因很简单，一方面，经济低迷时，大家所关心的是如何提高生产力、降低成本以及增加客户群等等。所有的公司都想着如何追求更高的货币价值。另一方面，经济状况良好时，当然大家都想通过技术的杠杆作用来扩大经营规模和寻找新市场等等。所以不管经济状况如何，我认为，各国的年轻人只要积极投身到知识革命中，机遇都是无限的。”
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
一九八一年，当默尔蒂先生和他的五位同事创建了INFOSYS公司时，“新兴经济”或“信息时代”这些名词还从未出现过。
如今INFOSYS公司在全世界拥有一万名员工，向全球客户提供信息技术服务。现在全球都在关注日益扩大的城乡差距问题，在澳大利亚是如此，在印度也是如此。我想问问我身边这位常被称为印度信息技术大使的默尔蒂先生，您觉得信息通信技术是否能够缩小城乡差距？
[b]纳拉亚那·默尔蒂：[/b]
嗯，我觉得，多亏有了互联网和宽带无线网络，我们才能使医疗保健、教育以及其它领域的服务普及到印度最偏远的农村地区。因为大多数专业人士都不愿意住在农村地区，那儿的生活条件确实不好。另外，如果真的要把他们的知识和技术带给偏远地区的人民，也只有互联网才能使情况出现大的改观。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
纳拉亚那·默尔蒂是INFOSYS技术公司创始人之一，兼该公司董事长。
我是苏·斯拉梅，期待您继续收听我们的节目。在“今日澳洲”的下期节目中我们将讨论有关教育国际化的话题。
感谢赖安·厄甘提供的技术制作。“今日澳洲”系列节目由澳洲广播电台和墨尔本莫纳什大学全国澳大利亚研究中心共同制作。
（插播音乐：《情迷数码世界》，选自“超级男孩”专辑《振翅高飞》）
[/quote]
[quote]
（插播音乐：布罗德里克·史密斯的《父亲的手》，出自专辑《父子之歌》）
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
大家好，这里是“今日澳洲”节目，我是苏·斯拉梅。
今天的节目是“就业机会”。
二战后澳大利亚经济持续繁荣发展。二十世纪九十年代这十年经济发展势头最为强劲。
在这十年中，澳大利亚人均产出的增长速度超过了其它发达国家，而通货膨胀率和银行利率却一直保持在三十年来的最低水平。
二零零一年至二零零二年的国民经济核算显示，澳大利亚的人均产出以百分之二点八的速度稳步增长。现在，产出不仅包括工业产品，还包括大量的计算机类产品。
计算机相关产业每年能为澳大利亚创造一万五千个就业机会。而在所有的经济合作组织成员国中，澳大利亚的制造业在国民产出和就业方面的比重下降最快，已经从六十年代的百分之二十八降至二零零一年的百分之十一点五。
[b]凯文·奥康纳：[/b]
二十五至三十年前，当你在远郊驾车或漫步时，你会看到大片、大片有着特殊房顶的房子，那些就是工厂的厂房。现在，你也许还会看到一些这样的建筑物，但更多的是小型建筑，装着玻璃墙面，前面还有草坪。也许你会认为这些都是办公室。但人们在这里设计产品，开发计算机软件，或对其他产品的生产过程进行改进。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
凯文· 奥康纳是一位地理学家，是《澳大利亚经济地理之变迁》一书的作者之一。
代表“新兴经济”的计算机相关产业不曾建立在中央商业区，而是在澳大利亚两大城市周边的住宅区——郊区。这就是澳大利亚最大的城市悉尼和与之匹敌的南方都市墨尔本……
[b]凯文· 奥康纳：[/b]
“新兴经济”的地理特征之一是经济活动高度集中，这一点以计算机业和电信业尤为突出。从全球范围来看，硅谷是最典型的例子。在伦敦郊区以及巴黎南部都有相似的产业聚集地，而德国南部的这种产业基地规模稍小。这些产业基地常常需要紧密相邻，因为这些商业活动不仅要共享劳动力资源，还常有转包业务的往来。当计算机产业刚刚在澳大利亚起步发展时，首先就落户在北悉尼地区和墨尔本的圣基尔达路（St Kilda），这两个地区都位于中央商业区的边缘地带。由于中央商业区的租金太高了，而这个尚在发展中的年轻产业无法入驻中央商业区的核心地带。在悉尼，计算机产业向北扩张，形成了一个规模巨大的“工业走廊”，甚至延伸到了麦夸里大学和莱德市（Ryde）。这个地区集中了许多国际知名的信息技术管理公司和通信公司。在墨尔本，计算机产业的规模相对小一些。但是，在圣基尔达路有较大的产业群，东南部郊区也正在形成一个类似的小型基地。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
我去参观墨尔本东南郊一个高科技产业基地时，遇到了亚历克斯·坤。他是受过良好教育的数码一代的典型代表，这些年轻人都有望在新兴经济中得到一份好工作。
亚历克斯·坤正在斯温伯恩科技大学攻读电信工程与互联网技术和计算机科学与工程的双学位。
[b]亚历克斯·坤：[/b]
斯温伯恩科技大学开设了校内教育和校外实习结合的学习项目。通过这一项目，目前我正在一家名为赫利普里克斯（Heliplex）的公司工作。该公司开发了一套高速光学网络设备，现在公司正全力在亚洲市场上推销这个产品。我所从事的工作就是在这些产品面市之前帮他们进行检测，同时负责公司内部网络的运转。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
那么，这些产品就是我们所说的全新数码时代的通道，这些通道可以用于信息传输，就像电话和互联网一样，对吗？
[b]亚历克斯·坤：[/b]
没错，的确如此。公司正在生产一种利用光学技术进行高速数据传输的高科技设备。目前，光学技术是最新的数据传输方式。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
与许多澳大利亚同龄人不同，亚历克斯小时候并没有接触过多少计算机。他出生在柬埔寨，在孩提时代随家人移民到澳大利亚。
[b]亚历克斯·坤：[/b]
我是一九九五年来澳大利亚的。之前在柬埔寨，我甚至不知道计算机是什么。有一天，我捡到了一张软盘。我看了看，不知道是什么东西。我把外面一层揭开，看了看里面，还是一无所知，直到后来我到了澳大利亚，开始学习英语，接受学校教育，到今天我还成了这个领域的半个行家。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
你们全家来到这里后，不得不白手起家开始新生活。同你的父母相比，你怎么看你在这儿成长和学习的经历，还有你的工作前景？
[b]亚历克斯·坤：[/b]
他们的经历确实如此。我父母那一代到澳大利亚的移民英语不好，也不具备这个国家所需要的技能。所以他们的选择有限，不是当工人就是务农；而我们年轻一代就要好得多，如果家里的经济条件允许，能够上大学，就有希望拥有更美好的未来。现在是信息时代，一切都是有可能的，所以……
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
亚历克斯·坤很可能会实现他的梦想——成为一个网络管理员。
八十年代中期以来，计算机和管理类工作岗位增长了百分之三十以上。虽然具备相关技能和受过教育的人拥有很多的工作机遇，但却很难再找到二战后那些年里为数众多、技术要求不高的工厂全日制工作了。近年来，就业机会的增长点主要是兼职工作和临时性工作，而不是全职岗位和永久性职位。
阿黛尔·莫多洛是墨尔本职业妇女保健中心的负责人，这是一个非政府组织，主要为那些将在工厂里工作的女性移民提供信息和培训服务。
[b]阿黛尔·莫多洛：[/b]
与信息技术产业和许多其它领域不同，制造业并不是一个有发展潜力的产业。相反，这个产业正面临劳动力需求萎缩的状况。我们发现，尤其在制造业中，那些所谓技术含量低的工作越来越少，而白领和管理类的工作在增加。由此我们想象一下，过去和现在的女性移民能够找到什么样的工作。特别是那些英语不是很好的人，她们面临的是一个陌生的国度，所有的制度体系对于她们来说也都是陌生的，因此，那些女性移民所得到的工作机会远远少于其它社会群体。
（插播音乐：选自“超级男孩”专辑《振翅高飞》）
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
目前对劳动力市场的管制越来越少，工会也没有在这个领域发挥任何作用。二十世纪九十年代，在澳大利亚增加的工作岗位中，兼职岗位占到百分之七十以上，全职岗位只占所有新增岗位的百分之二十五左右。
这对那些想购房以圆其“澳大利亚家园梦”的工人们来说，取得银行贷款更是困难重重， 而这个梦想是澳大利亚战后一代人的共同追求， 不管是生长在澳大利亚的人，还是新来的移民……
[b]阿黛尔·莫多洛：[/b]
就从这宏大的‘澳大利亚家园梦’谈起吧。毫无疑问，这个买一所占地约四分之一英亩大小的房子定居下来的神话，目前对于很多人来说都变得遥不可及。现在人们很难找到长期的全职工作。人越来越多，并且人们的期望同六十年代相比也变得越来越不一样了。我知道澳大利亚经历过经济萧条的时期。在那段日子里，无论是移民还是澳大利亚本地人都很难找到工作。但是一旦找到了工作，通常就是长期工作，条件也比现在好，并且他们一般都会参加工会。我父母那一代人即使是在工厂工作，在医疗保健、假期以及工作稳定性方面也都能够享受一些很好的待遇。我必须指出的一点是，移民们一般都足智多谋，互相帮助，他们会群策群力。如果一个家庭没有足够的能力买一栋房子，那么他们几家人甚至整个社区都联合起来去买房子。然而对于那些工厂工人或者作临时清洁工的家庭来讲，由于没有固定的工作，从银行获得贷款犹为困难。外面的就业市场十分不稳定，而且我想银行一定也了解这些情况，因此人们不能很好地规划自己的未来，不能为两三年以后的生活做出更长远的打算。
（插播音乐：选自“超级男孩”专辑《振翅高飞》）
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
墨尔本大学的地理学家凯文·奥康纳指出，就业增长的分布及计算机和信息科技产业创造的财富的分布都十分不均衡。尤其在悉尼和墨尔本，高薪职位增长态势良好，这与迫切需要经济发展动力的乡村以及小市镇形成了极大的反差。
[b]凯文·奥康纳：[/b]
现在大家看到的情况和二十世纪五、六十年代的情况差不多，待遇差的制造业都集中在成本低廉的乡镇或较小的州首府城市里，而真正的好工作仍然集中在大城市。如今的情形也大致如此，与信息管理、决策、项目计划和销售谈判等相关的高薪工作全都集中在悉尼和墨尔本。但是原始的信息处理和日常的工作则分布在小城镇或者像阿德雷德或霍巴特这样的小城市。对于这类分布有一个通常的叫法，就是我们所说的“呼叫中心”，这也是这种分布状况的关键所在，就是指通过电信系统把简单的工作转移到非中心的地方去。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
那些远离大城市、居住在小城镇或乡村的澳大利亚人感到迷茫，不知如何才能为当地创造新的就业机会。
这些年来，人们看到，与计算机和电视机等进口的科技产品相比，矿产品、羊毛、小麦和牛肉等澳大利亚的传统出口产品的价格下降了不少。
这种反差令人瞠目，如今，卖出一吨原煤只能买回两张光盘，而两吨小麦也只能换回一部手机。
考拉郡是位于悉尼以西三百公里的一个小镇，格雷厄姆·阿普索普是当地经济发展委员会的负责人。
[b]格雷厄姆·阿普索普：[/b]
对此我们是有些担忧，这并不是媒体的炒作。我受雇于当地政府已有三十一年了，从事经济发展工作有十五年左右。我当然注意到了生活中的这些变化。在这些小城镇中并没有人忍饥挨饿，这样的事情也绝对不会发生。与世界上其他许多国家相比，我们做得相当不错。但目前我们面临的问题是许多地区的人口在持续下降。在保持人口正增长的地方，年增长率通常也远远低于百分之一。即使是情况稍好的地区，年增长率也就大约百分之一点五。此外，我们还看到，全职工作岗位在日益减少，增值产业的发展机会也微乎其微。在小城镇，第二产业的形成或发展完全借助这些地区出产的商品。目前商品的销售状况很不错。猪肉的价格很好，羊肉、羊羔肉和羊毛的价格也不错。但是当你将这些商品的价格放在一个较长时间内进行分析，你会发现，这些商品平均价格通常处于较低水平。因此，我们确实需要确定哪些是增值产业，建立增值产业，促进现有产业的发展，并鼓励新兴产业进入这些地区。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
澳大利亚地方政府联合会代表了澳大利亚联邦三级政治体系中最基层，即市政当局工作人员的利益。
近来，地方政府联合会和注册会计师协会联手，游说首都堪培拉澳大利亚联邦政府中的政客们。他们希望那些政界人士考虑在经济欠发达地区建立“产业开发区”，以此吸引投资和刺激就业增长。他们建议，凡在产业开发区内创建或发展的企业，应当享受税收优惠并获得基础设施建设投资津贴。
[b]格雷厄姆·阿普索普：[/b]
这是由地方政府提出的基层发展计划。澳大利亚约有八百五十个地方政府机构。注册会计师协会约有三万五千名成员，在为八十多万个小企业服务。我们实际上是两个并行的体系，在具体实施这个项目时才联起手来。但我们的经验是，无论对地方政府来说，还是对企业来说，小市镇的情况都不妙。这些地方确实需要一些优惠政策，才能在同一起跑线上参与竞争。我们考虑的主要运作机制，就是建立产业开发区。在税收优惠的基础上，企业能够有所作为，获得一些利润，进行新的投资，提供新的工作机会。企业得到的回报就是税收优惠。由于澳大利亚主要税收权力掌握在联邦政府手中，我们希望联邦政府能够带头，与州政府展开协作，提供税收优惠，因为大多数州政府都征收工资税。当然，地方政府也有能力减轻新企业在拓展业务方面的负担。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
同样，也会有风险，对吧？一些企业，甚至是那些接受政府资助或获得税收优惠待遇的企业，看到国内形势不好时，就改向海外投资，这无论是对联邦政府还是州政府、地方政府都会造成一定的压力。以前就发生过这种事，对吧？一些公司转向海外投资，以寻求更优惠的税收政策和更廉价的劳动力。
[b]格雷厄姆·阿普索普：[/b]
确实是这样的。我认为澳大利亚电影业目前正面临这种情况，许多公司正从银幕上消失。“产业开发区”的整个系统运作一定要透明并简单易行，任何人拿起一套相关文件都能看明白。税收优惠政策需要透明化，企业所享受到的优惠也要透明化。但现在的实际情况是，政府，尤其是州政府可能会采用关起门来达成私下交易的办法设法让比如说一个大公司把它的地区总部设在一个大城市里，这种作法使大家不了解情况，无法全面了解政府所提供的激励性优惠政策。你说有些公司会撤资抽身，的确是这样的，目前没有什么保障。总的说来，当地居民并不知道这些公司承诺过提供什么样的工作，或这些承诺是否已经兑现了。根据我们在美国的考察，这种产业开发区体制透明度很高，相关文件通俗易懂，而且这些企业肩负着创造工作岗位、增加投资、使用当地产机械设备和采购当地库存物资的义务。当企业履行了这些义务，或者是被认为已经完成了预期目标后，他们就会得到相应的回报。这种机制还要求企业将这些内容写入前景规划和企业计划。人们普遍认为，地方上多数的就业机会基本上是由现有企业创造的。所以无论如何，那些企业都会在那里。在这些地方，企业打点存货，移师海外的风险就会降到最低。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
格雷厄姆·阿普索普现任新南威士尔州地方政府和区县联合会 “产业开发区”工作小组的负责人。
然而，地理学家凯文·奥康纳对于“产业开发区”倡议书中提出的税收优惠政策仍然心存疑虑。他怀疑这项政策能否吸引信息技术工作者去乡村城镇工作……
[b]凯文·奥康纳：[/b]
当年英美发展“产业开发区”是为了解决他们内陆城市出现的问题，这基本上是对内陆城市非工业化趋势的一种应对措施。我觉得这种措施有一定道理，对澳大利亚的一些光纤干网线路区而言，尤其如此。实际上澳大利亚一些乡村小镇由于位于悉尼和墨尔本之间，或是墨尔本和阿德雷德之间，或者位于其他大城市之间而拥有了重要的电信基础设施，因为联通这些大城市的光纤干线从这些城镇通过，所以位于这种地点的小城市就可以明智地利用这种便利条件。当然，问题是，产业开发区的整体理念是建立在这样一个基础之上：地理位置的选择与建设成本、土地的成本、税收水平以及企业经营必需的种种外部条件息息相关。然而，在新兴经济中，最基本的要素似乎就是解决劳动力、供货和销售的问题。所以为企业提供帮助、引入激励机制，并不会让他们动心，他们不太在乎土地成本、劳动力成本和建设成本这些事情，这些优惠政策不能吸引到大量的投资商。我也不知道该如何改变这种状况。但我觉得，要改变这一行业的本质特征，要开发新的产业区，我们需要花不少心思。还有人认为，这种改变可能取决于不同地区的生活质量。因为一个国家的有些地方生活条件确实不错，IT从业人员可能更愿意生活在那里。不过，目前来自美国的信息和分析表明，IT从业人员确实偏好高质量的生活，而且在他们眼里，高质量的生活就是大城市里的生活。
（插播音乐：《情迷数码世界》，选自“超级男孩”专辑《振翅高飞》）
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
总部位于班加罗尔的INFOSYS公司是印度最大的IT公司之一。他们在公司二零零二年年度计划中宣布，将在澳大利亚的第二大城市墨尔本拓展其业务。这一举措似乎证明了凯文·奥康纳的观点，即 IT从业人员更喜欢在大城市工作。就此，我们请INFOSYS公司的创始人兼总监纳拉亚那·默尔蒂先生，请他谈谈为什么选择了墨尔本。
[b]纳拉亚那·默尔蒂：[/b]
众所周知，现在班加罗尔的软件出口大概占了全印度的百分之三十五左右。作为维多利亚州的首府，墨尔本是一个了不起的城市。原因有很多，一是墨尔本人才济济，二是基础设施完备，三是许多大公司都在这里，四是，这里可是墨尔本板球场（MCG）的所在地。所以，为什么不选择墨尔本呢？
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
嗯，是的，我想除了板球的原因外，在一个世纪前，工业家们可能会选择原材料丰富的地方作为发展基地。那么什么才是软件和信息技术产业需要的原材料呢？是人才？还是资源？
[b]纳拉亚那·默尔蒂：[/b]
嗯，我们公司一向致力于开发用以提高企业效率的应用软件，正因为如此，对我们来说，人力资源，也就是人的智力资源是最重要的。我相信墨尔本乃至维多利亚全州都有着相当丰富的人力资源。例如，维多利亚州每年就培养出六千多名IT专业人才，数量十分可观，这样我们需要的原材料就都有了。
苏·斯拉梅：在其它新兴的通信技术公司忙于裁员时， INFOSYS公司的业绩却蒸蒸日上，规模日益扩大。那么信息业和通信业是否能够创造出新的工作机会，为印度，或者为曾是澳大利亚制造业王国中心的墨尔本创造新的财富呢？对此您是否有信心？
[b]纳拉亚那·默尔蒂：[/b]
是的，对此我非常乐观，信息技术产业一定能够为墨尔本、为维多利亚州、为班加罗尔、为印度创造新的价值。原因很简单，一方面，经济低迷时，大家所关心的是如何提高生产力、降低成本以及增加客户群等等。所有的公司都想着如何追求更高的货币价值。另一方面，经济状况良好时，当然大家都想通过技术的杠杆作用来扩大经营规模和寻找新市场等等。所以不管经济状况如何，我认为，各国的年轻人只要积极投身到知识革命中，机遇都是无限的。”
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
一九八一年，当默尔蒂先生和他的五位同事创建了INFOSYS公司时，“新兴经济”或“信息时代”这些名词还从未出现过。
如今INFOSYS公司在全世界拥有一万名员工，向全球客户提供信息技术服务。现在全球都在关注日益扩大的城乡差距问题，在澳大利亚是如此，在印度也是如此。我想问问我身边这位常被称为印度信息技术大使的默尔蒂先生，您觉得信息通信技术是否能够缩小城乡差距？
[b]纳拉亚那·默尔蒂：[/b]
嗯，我觉得，多亏有了互联网和宽带无线网络，我们才能使医疗保健、教育以及其它领域的服务普及到印度最偏远的农村地区。因为大多数专业人士都不愿意住在农村地区，那儿的生活条件确实不好。另外，如果真的要把他们的知识和技术带给偏远地区的人民，也只有互联网才能使情况出现大的改观。
[b]苏·斯拉梅：[/b]
纳拉亚那·默尔蒂是INFOSYS技术公司创始人之一，兼该公司董事长。
我是苏·斯拉梅，期待您继续收听我们的节目。在“今日澳洲”的下期节目中我们将讨论有关教育国际化的话题。
感谢赖安·厄甘提供的技术制作。“今日澳洲”系列节目由澳洲广播电台和墨尔本莫纳什大学全国澳大利亚研究中心共同制作。
（插播音乐：《情迷数码世界》，选自“超级男孩”专辑《振翅高飞》）
[/quote]
2006-8-7 03:42
城市童话
英文详细内容
[quote]
(Music: My Father's Hands by Broderick Smith from the album Songs Of Father And Child)
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Hello - Sue Slamen with you for AUSTRALIA NOW.
Our program, today; Where the Jobs Are …
The nineteen nineties was Australia's best decade of economic growth since the long boom after the Second World War.
The nineties saw Australians' output per head of population rise faster than that of the West in general and inflation and interest rates at their lowest level in 30 years.
The National Accounts for 2001 to 2002 reveal that Australian output grew at a healthy 2.8 per cent per head of population - and these days - output is as much about computer bits and bytes as it is manufactured goods.
Computer-related industries are generating fifteen thousand new job opportunities in Australia each year while manufacturing has fallen faster as a share of output and employment than in any other OECD country: from twenty-eight per cent in the sixties to eleven and a half per cent in 2001.
[b]KEVIN O'CONNOR:[/b] "If you walked the ground or drove around to look at the outer suburbs, 25-30 years ago you would have seen very, very large sites with distinctive shaped roofs and you would say they are the factories. Today you might see some of that, but more importantly you'd see lots of smaller buildings often with glass frontages and lawn in front of them. You might actually call them offices, but within them there are people designing products, there are people working on computer software, there are people helping the production process for the subsequent construction of other sorts of products."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Kevin O'Connor is a Geographer who co-authored a book called AUSTRALIA's CHANGING ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY.
The computer-related industries that characterise 'the new economy' are not to be found in the central business districts or C.B.D's of the cities but in the suburban, residential fringes of Australia's biggest city Sydney and its southern rival Melbourne…
[b]KEVIN O'CONNOR:[/b] "One of the geographic characteristics of the new economy is the strength of the clustering of its activities, particularly the computer industry and particularly the telecommunications industry. And at a global scale the internationally famous example would be silicon valley, you find a similar sort of cluster on the outskirts of London, similar sorts of clusters in the southern part of Paris, there's a small cluster like it in southern Germany, these activities tend to need or want to locate close to one another because they share labour, they subcontract to one another a lot. So when the computer industry came and developed first in Australia, it tended to grow in North Sydney initially and in St Kilda Road in Melbourne, which were on the edge of the CBD, it was an industry that couldn't afford to go into the heart of the CBD, the rents were too expensive for it, it was a young and expanding industry. And in the Sydney case from that has grown this big corridor up to the north, almost up to and including Macquarie University and Ryde, where there is a very, very large number of internationally significant computer IT information management type, communications type firms. The Melbourne activity in that industry is somewhat smaller, but we have a big cluster of it in St Kilda Road and a small emerging cluster of it in some of the South Eastern suburbs."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] I set out to visit one of these high tech clusters in Melbourne's South-eastern suburbs where I met Alex Khun. Alex is typical of the well-educated, digital generation who can expect to find good jobs in the new economy.
He's on his way to completing a double degree in telecommunications engineering and internet technology as well as computer science and engineering at Swinburne University:
[b]ALEX KHUN:[/b] "Through the school/industry-based learning program at Swinburne University I actually work for a company called Heliplex, which designed a high-speed optical networking equipment and the company is actually at the moment concentrating on promoting their product in the Asia market, and the work that I've been doing with the company at the moment is I've been helping them with testing of the products before they are released, and as well as looking after their internal networking.
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] And so these are products, as we would say the pipelines of the new digital era, the pipelines across which information travels like phone and internet?
[b]ALEX KHUN:[/b] Yes that's right, they are very much so because the company is making the sort of high-tech kind of equipment that transports data at a very high speed using optical technology and at the moment optical technology is the very latest means of transporting data."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Unlike many of his Australian contemporaries, Alex didn't grow up with computers. He was born in Cambodia and migrated to Australia with his family as a child.
[b]ALEX KHUN:[/b] "When I was in Cambodia before I came to Australia in 1995 I didn't know even what a computer was. One day I picked up a disc, a floppy disc and I looked at it, wondered what is this? And I actually pulled the cover off the floppy disc and looked inside it and didn't even actually know what it was until I came to Australia and started to learn English, started going to school, until now I'm semi-professional I would say.
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] What would you say about your experiences growing up here and studying here and your job prospects compared to say your family who came here and had to more or less start life again from the beginning, from scratch as we would say?
[b]ALEX KHUN:[/b] That is certainly true because first of all for the new migrants who came to Australia, like my parents, they had limited English and they also didn't have skills that are required by this country. So the choices of working would have to be in either the factory or the farm, whereas for us young kids we are able to go to universities provided that our families are well enough to support us, so hopefully it will lead me to a better future. And this is the information age, anything is possible, so…"
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] And Alex Khun has every chance of achieving his ambition of becoming a network administrator.
Computer and managerial jobs have increased by over thirty per cent since the mid eighties. But if new jobs are opening up for those with the right skills and education, the sort of full time factory jobs that were readily available in the post war years for those lesser skilled workers are now much harder to find. Much of Australia's job growth has been in part-time rather than full-time work: casual rather than permanent employment.
Adele Murdolo manages the Working Womens Health Centre in Melbourne, a non-government organisation that provides information and training especially to immigrant women who tend to work in factories.
[b]ADELE MURDOLO:[/b] "In manufacturing we have a situation where the workforce is actually shrinking, it's not an opening up area, unlike IT and unlike many other areas. And particularly in manufacturing what we're finding is that many of the jobs that are labelled low skilled are being closed down and the jobs that are more white collar and managerial are opening up. So if we have a think about what kind of positions are actually open, both historically and currently to migrant women, particularly, who may not have full command of English language and are also dealing with a situation where the country's new, the systems are new, the positions that are opened to immigrant women tend not to be as prolific as the ones that are open to many other people in our population."
(Music: No Strings Attached by NSync)
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] In an increasingly de-regulated, non-unionised labour market, casual jobs now account for over 70 per cent of Australia's job growth while full-time jobs made up only about 25 per cent of all new jobs in the nineteen nineties.
This makes it much harder for today's workers to obtain bank loans in order to share in that Australian dream of owning your own home that was the norm for the post war generation - both Australian-born and new arrivals…
[b]ADELE MURDOLO:[/b] "I think if we look at the great Australian dream just for a start, which is the mythology of it is that you would buy a house and settle on a quarter acre block, that's certainly now out of the reach of a lot of people. We are in a situation now where it is actually quite difficult to get a long term full time job, people are much more, their expectations are quite different now than they were in the 60s. I know that Australia has gone through periods of recession when it has been difficult for migrants and Australian born people to get employment, but once they were able to get employment they were often much longer term jobs that might have had better conditions, they were more likely to be unionised and certainly the jobs that the generation that my parents had, even though they were factory jobs, they still did enjoy some good conditions in terms of health care, good breaks and also permanency. I must say though amongst migrant communities people actually tend to be very resourceful and very communal, and they do tend to pull together and manage to, if one family can't buy a house, then a group of families or a community can get together and still enter the house market. But it really has become much more difficult for families, especially for factory workers or people who are doing contract cleaning to get loans from banks because they don't have permanent employment. And there's a very insecure job market out there and I suppose the banks know it, and that does make it very difficult for people to plan for their future, to take on commitments that are much longer term than the next couple of years."
(Music: No Strings Attached by NSync)
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Geographer, Kevin O'Connor from the University of Melbourne points out that the job growth and wealth generated from computer and information technologies is actually very uneven. The growth of well-paid jobs in Sydney and Melbourne especially, is not being matched in those parts of rural and regional Australia that could do with the economic stimulus.
[b]KEVIN O'CONNOR:[/b] "What we're seeing is almost an equivalent of the 1950s and the 1960s circumstance where the poor quality manufacturing jobs went to the low-cost locations, which are often country towns or small capital cities, and the really good jobs stayed in the big cities. And I think the same sort of thing is happening, the really good jobs in managing information, deciding what you're going to do, planning the next project, negotiating with buyers and sellers, all that's taking place in Sydney and Melbourne. But the number crunching of the straight forward information and the routines tasks is just as easily located in a smaller town or in a place like Adelaide or Hobart, and the central focus and the common name for some of this sort of activity is the so-called call centre where the simple tasks are moved out using the telecommunication system to a non-central location."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Outside of the big cities, people in regional and rural Australia have been left wondering what they can do to generate new jobs for their areas.
Over time they've watched prices for Australia's traditional agricultural exports (wool, beef and wheat) as well as prices for mineral exports shrink relative to those of sophisticated manufactures like computers and TVs that Australia has to import.
This is dramatically illustrated by the fact that today; a tonne of coal will buy you about two CDs and two tonnes of wheat maybe a mobile phone!
Graham Apthorpe is the Economic Development Manager at the Shire Council of Cowra; a regional town located 300 kilometres to the West of Sydney.
[b]GRAHAM APTHORPE:[/b] "Oh we're concerned about it, this is no media beat-up, I've been working in local government for 31 years and doing economic development work for about 15 years and I certainly see it around me. No one's starving in regional areas, that's certainly not the case and compared to the rest of the world we're doing quite well, but what we do see is a continuing population drop in many, many areas. Where this is positive growth it's usually well below one per cent, even the better areas are probably only doing about one and a half per cent per annum, and we see I suppose the number of full-time jobs just diminishing and we don't see the value adding opportunities, that level of secondary industries being created or continuing within towns to take advantage of the commodities that are naturally coming out of those areas. Commodities are doing quite well now we've got good pork prices and sheep and lambs are doing well, wool's doing well, but when you look at commodity prices over a long period of time you find that the average is usually those prices are quite low. So we really have to start looking at value adding, creating those value adding industries, encouraging existing places to expand and encouraging new industries back into the area."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] The Local Government Association of Australia represents those people who work in municipalities that makes up the third tier in Australia's federal political system.
The Local Government Association recently joined forces with the Institute of Chartered Accountants to lobby Australia's Federal politicians in the nation's capital, Canberra. They wanted the politicians to consider setting up 'Enterprise Zones' in disadvantaged parts of Australia as a means of attracting investment and stimulating job growth. They believe that businesses who locate or expand into those 'enterprise zones' should be able to attract tax concessions and infrastructure investment allowances.
[b]GRAHAM APTHORPE:[/b] "It was a grassroots development from local government, which has around about 850 local government authorities around Australia. And the Institute of Chartered Accountants has some 35-thousand members servicing about 800-thousand small businesses. So we found actually that we're working in parallel and then joined in this particular project, but our experience was that at both local government level and at a business level regional areas were suffering and they really needed some preferential treatment to level the playing field. And the principal mechanism that we looked at was enterprise zones and they are based on taxation concessions where business actually produces some results, they produce new investment, they produce new jobs and having done so they are then rewarded with taxation concecessions. And the principal taxing power in Australia is federal government and we looked to the federal government to take that leadership role on, in participation with state government that can assist with some taxation, and most states have payroll tax and certainly local government has the ability to lessen the load on new business expansion.
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] By the same token there's a danger there isn't there that businesses, even with government assistance or tax breaks can still when the going gets tough threaten governments whether they be federal or state or at the local government area, threaten them with going offshore. And we've seen this happen before haven't we where companies will and often do go offshore in search of even better tax breaks and cheaper labour?
[b]GRAHAM APTHORPE:[/b] "That's the case, I think it's happening currently with the film industry in Australia. Certainly there are a lot of companies that are disappearing from the scene. The whole system of enterprise zones has to be transparent and it has to be simple, anyone should be able to pick up the documentation and work out what it's about, but the system of taxation concessions needs to be transparent. Any benefits businesses are going to pick up have to be transparent. What we see now is with, particularly with state governments that maybe trying to track say regional headquarters to a major city we see private deals that are being done behind closed doors. But people do not know exactly what's going on, they're not fully aware of the incentives that are being paid, and you are correct in what you say they can then move away, there's no guarantee and principally the residents do not know what jobs are being promised and whether that company has delivered the jobs. The enterprise zone system as we've observed it in the USA is a very transparent system and the paperwork is easy to understand and there's very strong mutual obligation there for businesses to create jobs, to create new levels of investment to use locally made machinery to use local inventory stock and when they do those things and when they're seen to have achieved those objectives they are then rewarded. It also allows those businesses to write these things up within their forward projections and their business plan, and it's also considered essentially that most jobs in regional areas are created by existing businesses. So those businesses are probably going to be there anyway so the risk of them picking up stocks and heading off overseas are probably minimal within regional areas."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Graham Apthorpe who headed up the 'Enterprise Zone' Working Group for the New South Wales Local Governments and Shires Association.
However, geographer, Kevin O'Connor is not so sure that the sort of tax concessions imagined in the 'enterprise zones' proposal will be enough to lure information technology workers into the country towns…
[b]KEVIN O'CONNOR:[/b] "Enterprise zones grew up out of the problem of the inner cities of the US and the UK. It was basically a response to de-industrialisation of those locations. Yes I think there is some sense in that and particularly in some locations in Australia on the trunk optic fibre routes. Like some of the country towns in Australia actually have major telecommunications infrastructure running through them because they are midway between or on the route between Sydney and Melbourne or on the route between Melbourne and Adelaide or whatever, and there is a backbone network of optic fibre systems. So that a city in a location like that could sensibly tap into that sort of routine. The problem is of course that the whole concept of enterprise zones is based on the idea that the fundamental question for location relates to the cost of buildings, the cost of land, the level of taxation, all of those sort of physical extra things to do with the operation of a business. Whereas it appears that in the new economy the fundamental thing is access to labour, access to supplies, access to other contractors, so that helping them or giving them all sorts of incentives to do with things that don't really worry them very much, like costs of land and labour and building, isn't really going to attract large numbers of them. Now what you can do about that I'm not too sure, I think it will take a lot I think to change the character of this industry and to generate major relocations. Some thought, some expectation is that some of it might move in response to quality of life, that there are some parts of a country that are really nice to live in and IT type workers might move to that location, although recent American information and recent American analysis is showing that IT workers do like a good lifestyle and their definition of a good lifestyle is a large urban lifestyle."
(Music: Digital Get Down by NSync from the album No Strings Attached)
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] As if to prove Kevin O'Connor's point that Information Technology workers prefer to be based in the big cities, Infosys, one of India's biggest IT companies, based in Bangalore, announced in 2002 plans to expand its operations in Australia's second largest city, Melbourne. I asked the company's founder and Chief Mentor, Narayana Murthy, 'Why Melbourne?'
[b]NARAYANA MURTHY:[/b] "Bangalore as you know now perhaps constitutes about 35 per cent of the total software exports from India. Now Melbourne is a great city, the state of Victoria is a great place for several reasons, one it has availability of talent, number two it has good infrastructure, number three there is some great companies out here and then number four I would say it's the home of the MCG so why not?
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Well yes but apart from cricket I think the industrialists of a century ago would choose their base depending on the raw materials that were available. What are the materials that one requires for software and information technology? Is it people, is it resources?
[b]NARAYANA MURTHY:[/b] Well you know we're in the business of developing software applications for making enterprises more efficient. Given that it is so for us manpower, that is human brainpower is what is most important, and I believe Melbourne and Victoria are pretty strong in this area. For example Victoria produces somewhere around six-thousand IT professionals every year, which is pretty good, so we have all the raw material that we need.
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Now you're growing your business, INFOSYS have been able to expand at a time when other new communications technologies companies are shedding staff. Are you still confident that the IT and communications industries can produce new jobs, new wealth for India or for Melbourne, which was once the centre of a large manufacturing empire in this country?
[b]NARAYANA MURTHY:[/b] Yeah I'm very quite upbeat about information technology adding value to Melbourne, to Victoria to Bangalore, to India etc., because of a very simple reason - when the economy is not doing well people are concerned about enhancing productivity, reducing costs, improving customer base etc., because corporations are looking for much better value for money. On the other hand when the economy is doing well of course everybody wants to leverage the power of technology to enhance the scale, to look at new markets etc. So either way whether the economy is doing well or not doing well, I think that there is considerable opportunity for the youngsters from these countries to contribute very effectively to the knowledge revolution."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Mr Murthy and five colleagues started Infosys in 1981, long before anyone talked about 'the new economy or the information age'.
INFOSYS now employs over 10,000 employees worldwide providing IT services to clients globally. And given global concerns about growing inequalities between urban and rural areas whether in Australia or India I asked the man often described as India's IT Ambassador whether information communication technologies could help bridge the urban-rural divide.
[b]NARAYANA MURTHY:[/b] "Well I think you know thanks to the internet, thanks to broadband wireless, we are now able to take the power of health care, education, as well as other application areas to the remotest part of the country in India, because most professionals really don't want to go and settle down in rural areas because the quality of life is not very good. On the other hand if you want to bring their knowledge, their expertise to the remotest areas, I think it's internet that's going to make a big difference."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Mr Narayana Murthy, co-founder and Chair of the Board of Infosys technologies.
And I hope that you can join me - Sue Slamen for our next edition of AUSTRALIA NOW when we look at the internationalisation of education.
My thanks to Ryan Egan for technical production. The AUSTRALIA NOW series is produced by Radio Australia in conjunction with the National Centre for Australian Studies at Monash University in Melbourne.
(Music: Digital Get Down by NSync from the album No Strings Attached)
[/quote]
[quote]
(Music: My Father's Hands by Broderick Smith from the album Songs Of Father And Child)
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Hello - Sue Slamen with you for AUSTRALIA NOW.
Our program, today; Where the Jobs Are …
The nineteen nineties was Australia's best decade of economic growth since the long boom after the Second World War.
The nineties saw Australians' output per head of population rise faster than that of the West in general and inflation and interest rates at their lowest level in 30 years.
The National Accounts for 2001 to 2002 reveal that Australian output grew at a healthy 2.8 per cent per head of population - and these days - output is as much about computer bits and bytes as it is manufactured goods.
Computer-related industries are generating fifteen thousand new job opportunities in Australia each year while manufacturing has fallen faster as a share of output and employment than in any other OECD country: from twenty-eight per cent in the sixties to eleven and a half per cent in 2001.
[b]KEVIN O'CONNOR:[/b] "If you walked the ground or drove around to look at the outer suburbs, 25-30 years ago you would have seen very, very large sites with distinctive shaped roofs and you would say they are the factories. Today you might see some of that, but more importantly you'd see lots of smaller buildings often with glass frontages and lawn in front of them. You might actually call them offices, but within them there are people designing products, there are people working on computer software, there are people helping the production process for the subsequent construction of other sorts of products."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Kevin O'Connor is a Geographer who co-authored a book called AUSTRALIA's CHANGING ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY.
The computer-related industries that characterise 'the new economy' are not to be found in the central business districts or C.B.D's of the cities but in the suburban, residential fringes of Australia's biggest city Sydney and its southern rival Melbourne…
[b]KEVIN O'CONNOR:[/b] "One of the geographic characteristics of the new economy is the strength of the clustering of its activities, particularly the computer industry and particularly the telecommunications industry. And at a global scale the internationally famous example would be silicon valley, you find a similar sort of cluster on the outskirts of London, similar sorts of clusters in the southern part of Paris, there's a small cluster like it in southern Germany, these activities tend to need or want to locate close to one another because they share labour, they subcontract to one another a lot. So when the computer industry came and developed first in Australia, it tended to grow in North Sydney initially and in St Kilda Road in Melbourne, which were on the edge of the CBD, it was an industry that couldn't afford to go into the heart of the CBD, the rents were too expensive for it, it was a young and expanding industry. And in the Sydney case from that has grown this big corridor up to the north, almost up to and including Macquarie University and Ryde, where there is a very, very large number of internationally significant computer IT information management type, communications type firms. The Melbourne activity in that industry is somewhat smaller, but we have a big cluster of it in St Kilda Road and a small emerging cluster of it in some of the South Eastern suburbs."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] I set out to visit one of these high tech clusters in Melbourne's South-eastern suburbs where I met Alex Khun. Alex is typical of the well-educated, digital generation who can expect to find good jobs in the new economy.
He's on his way to completing a double degree in telecommunications engineering and internet technology as well as computer science and engineering at Swinburne University:
[b]ALEX KHUN:[/b] "Through the school/industry-based learning program at Swinburne University I actually work for a company called Heliplex, which designed a high-speed optical networking equipment and the company is actually at the moment concentrating on promoting their product in the Asia market, and the work that I've been doing with the company at the moment is I've been helping them with testing of the products before they are released, and as well as looking after their internal networking.
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] And so these are products, as we would say the pipelines of the new digital era, the pipelines across which information travels like phone and internet?
[b]ALEX KHUN:[/b] Yes that's right, they are very much so because the company is making the sort of high-tech kind of equipment that transports data at a very high speed using optical technology and at the moment optical technology is the very latest means of transporting data."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Unlike many of his Australian contemporaries, Alex didn't grow up with computers. He was born in Cambodia and migrated to Australia with his family as a child.
[b]ALEX KHUN:[/b] "When I was in Cambodia before I came to Australia in 1995 I didn't know even what a computer was. One day I picked up a disc, a floppy disc and I looked at it, wondered what is this? And I actually pulled the cover off the floppy disc and looked inside it and didn't even actually know what it was until I came to Australia and started to learn English, started going to school, until now I'm semi-professional I would say.
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] What would you say about your experiences growing up here and studying here and your job prospects compared to say your family who came here and had to more or less start life again from the beginning, from scratch as we would say?
[b]ALEX KHUN:[/b] That is certainly true because first of all for the new migrants who came to Australia, like my parents, they had limited English and they also didn't have skills that are required by this country. So the choices of working would have to be in either the factory or the farm, whereas for us young kids we are able to go to universities provided that our families are well enough to support us, so hopefully it will lead me to a better future. And this is the information age, anything is possible, so…"
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] And Alex Khun has every chance of achieving his ambition of becoming a network administrator.
Computer and managerial jobs have increased by over thirty per cent since the mid eighties. But if new jobs are opening up for those with the right skills and education, the sort of full time factory jobs that were readily available in the post war years for those lesser skilled workers are now much harder to find. Much of Australia's job growth has been in part-time rather than full-time work: casual rather than permanent employment.
Adele Murdolo manages the Working Womens Health Centre in Melbourne, a non-government organisation that provides information and training especially to immigrant women who tend to work in factories.
[b]ADELE MURDOLO:[/b] "In manufacturing we have a situation where the workforce is actually shrinking, it's not an opening up area, unlike IT and unlike many other areas. And particularly in manufacturing what we're finding is that many of the jobs that are labelled low skilled are being closed down and the jobs that are more white collar and managerial are opening up. So if we have a think about what kind of positions are actually open, both historically and currently to migrant women, particularly, who may not have full command of English language and are also dealing with a situation where the country's new, the systems are new, the positions that are opened to immigrant women tend not to be as prolific as the ones that are open to many other people in our population."
(Music: No Strings Attached by NSync)
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] In an increasingly de-regulated, non-unionised labour market, casual jobs now account for over 70 per cent of Australia's job growth while full-time jobs made up only about 25 per cent of all new jobs in the nineteen nineties.
This makes it much harder for today's workers to obtain bank loans in order to share in that Australian dream of owning your own home that was the norm for the post war generation - both Australian-born and new arrivals…
[b]ADELE MURDOLO:[/b] "I think if we look at the great Australian dream just for a start, which is the mythology of it is that you would buy a house and settle on a quarter acre block, that's certainly now out of the reach of a lot of people. We are in a situation now where it is actually quite difficult to get a long term full time job, people are much more, their expectations are quite different now than they were in the 60s. I know that Australia has gone through periods of recession when it has been difficult for migrants and Australian born people to get employment, but once they were able to get employment they were often much longer term jobs that might have had better conditions, they were more likely to be unionised and certainly the jobs that the generation that my parents had, even though they were factory jobs, they still did enjoy some good conditions in terms of health care, good breaks and also permanency. I must say though amongst migrant communities people actually tend to be very resourceful and very communal, and they do tend to pull together and manage to, if one family can't buy a house, then a group of families or a community can get together and still enter the house market. But it really has become much more difficult for families, especially for factory workers or people who are doing contract cleaning to get loans from banks because they don't have permanent employment. And there's a very insecure job market out there and I suppose the banks know it, and that does make it very difficult for people to plan for their future, to take on commitments that are much longer term than the next couple of years."
(Music: No Strings Attached by NSync)
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Geographer, Kevin O'Connor from the University of Melbourne points out that the job growth and wealth generated from computer and information technologies is actually very uneven. The growth of well-paid jobs in Sydney and Melbourne especially, is not being matched in those parts of rural and regional Australia that could do with the economic stimulus.
[b]KEVIN O'CONNOR:[/b] "What we're seeing is almost an equivalent of the 1950s and the 1960s circumstance where the poor quality manufacturing jobs went to the low-cost locations, which are often country towns or small capital cities, and the really good jobs stayed in the big cities. And I think the same sort of thing is happening, the really good jobs in managing information, deciding what you're going to do, planning the next project, negotiating with buyers and sellers, all that's taking place in Sydney and Melbourne. But the number crunching of the straight forward information and the routines tasks is just as easily located in a smaller town or in a place like Adelaide or Hobart, and the central focus and the common name for some of this sort of activity is the so-called call centre where the simple tasks are moved out using the telecommunication system to a non-central location."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Outside of the big cities, people in regional and rural Australia have been left wondering what they can do to generate new jobs for their areas.
Over time they've watched prices for Australia's traditional agricultural exports (wool, beef and wheat) as well as prices for mineral exports shrink relative to those of sophisticated manufactures like computers and TVs that Australia has to import.
This is dramatically illustrated by the fact that today; a tonne of coal will buy you about two CDs and two tonnes of wheat maybe a mobile phone!
Graham Apthorpe is the Economic Development Manager at the Shire Council of Cowra; a regional town located 300 kilometres to the West of Sydney.
[b]GRAHAM APTHORPE:[/b] "Oh we're concerned about it, this is no media beat-up, I've been working in local government for 31 years and doing economic development work for about 15 years and I certainly see it around me. No one's starving in regional areas, that's certainly not the case and compared to the rest of the world we're doing quite well, but what we do see is a continuing population drop in many, many areas. Where this is positive growth it's usually well below one per cent, even the better areas are probably only doing about one and a half per cent per annum, and we see I suppose the number of full-time jobs just diminishing and we don't see the value adding opportunities, that level of secondary industries being created or continuing within towns to take advantage of the commodities that are naturally coming out of those areas. Commodities are doing quite well now we've got good pork prices and sheep and lambs are doing well, wool's doing well, but when you look at commodity prices over a long period of time you find that the average is usually those prices are quite low. So we really have to start looking at value adding, creating those value adding industries, encouraging existing places to expand and encouraging new industries back into the area."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] The Local Government Association of Australia represents those people who work in municipalities that makes up the third tier in Australia's federal political system.
The Local Government Association recently joined forces with the Institute of Chartered Accountants to lobby Australia's Federal politicians in the nation's capital, Canberra. They wanted the politicians to consider setting up 'Enterprise Zones' in disadvantaged parts of Australia as a means of attracting investment and stimulating job growth. They believe that businesses who locate or expand into those 'enterprise zones' should be able to attract tax concessions and infrastructure investment allowances.
[b]GRAHAM APTHORPE:[/b] "It was a grassroots development from local government, which has around about 850 local government authorities around Australia. And the Institute of Chartered Accountants has some 35-thousand members servicing about 800-thousand small businesses. So we found actually that we're working in parallel and then joined in this particular project, but our experience was that at both local government level and at a business level regional areas were suffering and they really needed some preferential treatment to level the playing field. And the principal mechanism that we looked at was enterprise zones and they are based on taxation concessions where business actually produces some results, they produce new investment, they produce new jobs and having done so they are then rewarded with taxation concecessions. And the principal taxing power in Australia is federal government and we looked to the federal government to take that leadership role on, in participation with state government that can assist with some taxation, and most states have payroll tax and certainly local government has the ability to lessen the load on new business expansion.
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] By the same token there's a danger there isn't there that businesses, even with government assistance or tax breaks can still when the going gets tough threaten governments whether they be federal or state or at the local government area, threaten them with going offshore. And we've seen this happen before haven't we where companies will and often do go offshore in search of even better tax breaks and cheaper labour?
[b]GRAHAM APTHORPE:[/b] "That's the case, I think it's happening currently with the film industry in Australia. Certainly there are a lot of companies that are disappearing from the scene. The whole system of enterprise zones has to be transparent and it has to be simple, anyone should be able to pick up the documentation and work out what it's about, but the system of taxation concessions needs to be transparent. Any benefits businesses are going to pick up have to be transparent. What we see now is with, particularly with state governments that maybe trying to track say regional headquarters to a major city we see private deals that are being done behind closed doors. But people do not know exactly what's going on, they're not fully aware of the incentives that are being paid, and you are correct in what you say they can then move away, there's no guarantee and principally the residents do not know what jobs are being promised and whether that company has delivered the jobs. The enterprise zone system as we've observed it in the USA is a very transparent system and the paperwork is easy to understand and there's very strong mutual obligation there for businesses to create jobs, to create new levels of investment to use locally made machinery to use local inventory stock and when they do those things and when they're seen to have achieved those objectives they are then rewarded. It also allows those businesses to write these things up within their forward projections and their business plan, and it's also considered essentially that most jobs in regional areas are created by existing businesses. So those businesses are probably going to be there anyway so the risk of them picking up stocks and heading off overseas are probably minimal within regional areas."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Graham Apthorpe who headed up the 'Enterprise Zone' Working Group for the New South Wales Local Governments and Shires Association.
However, geographer, Kevin O'Connor is not so sure that the sort of tax concessions imagined in the 'enterprise zones' proposal will be enough to lure information technology workers into the country towns…
[b]KEVIN O'CONNOR:[/b] "Enterprise zones grew up out of the problem of the inner cities of the US and the UK. It was basically a response to de-industrialisation of those locations. Yes I think there is some sense in that and particularly in some locations in Australia on the trunk optic fibre routes. Like some of the country towns in Australia actually have major telecommunications infrastructure running through them because they are midway between or on the route between Sydney and Melbourne or on the route between Melbourne and Adelaide or whatever, and there is a backbone network of optic fibre systems. So that a city in a location like that could sensibly tap into that sort of routine. The problem is of course that the whole concept of enterprise zones is based on the idea that the fundamental question for location relates to the cost of buildings, the cost of land, the level of taxation, all of those sort of physical extra things to do with the operation of a business. Whereas it appears that in the new economy the fundamental thing is access to labour, access to supplies, access to other contractors, so that helping them or giving them all sorts of incentives to do with things that don't really worry them very much, like costs of land and labour and building, isn't really going to attract large numbers of them. Now what you can do about that I'm not too sure, I think it will take a lot I think to change the character of this industry and to generate major relocations. Some thought, some expectation is that some of it might move in response to quality of life, that there are some parts of a country that are really nice to live in and IT type workers might move to that location, although recent American information and recent American analysis is showing that IT workers do like a good lifestyle and their definition of a good lifestyle is a large urban lifestyle."
(Music: Digital Get Down by NSync from the album No Strings Attached)
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] As if to prove Kevin O'Connor's point that Information Technology workers prefer to be based in the big cities, Infosys, one of India's biggest IT companies, based in Bangalore, announced in 2002 plans to expand its operations in Australia's second largest city, Melbourne. I asked the company's founder and Chief Mentor, Narayana Murthy, 'Why Melbourne?'
[b]NARAYANA MURTHY:[/b] "Bangalore as you know now perhaps constitutes about 35 per cent of the total software exports from India. Now Melbourne is a great city, the state of Victoria is a great place for several reasons, one it has availability of talent, number two it has good infrastructure, number three there is some great companies out here and then number four I would say it's the home of the MCG so why not?
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Well yes but apart from cricket I think the industrialists of a century ago would choose their base depending on the raw materials that were available. What are the materials that one requires for software and information technology? Is it people, is it resources?
[b]NARAYANA MURTHY:[/b] Well you know we're in the business of developing software applications for making enterprises more efficient. Given that it is so for us manpower, that is human brainpower is what is most important, and I believe Melbourne and Victoria are pretty strong in this area. For example Victoria produces somewhere around six-thousand IT professionals every year, which is pretty good, so we have all the raw material that we need.
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Now you're growing your business, INFOSYS have been able to expand at a time when other new communications technologies companies are shedding staff. Are you still confident that the IT and communications industries can produce new jobs, new wealth for India or for Melbourne, which was once the centre of a large manufacturing empire in this country?
[b]NARAYANA MURTHY:[/b] Yeah I'm very quite upbeat about information technology adding value to Melbourne, to Victoria to Bangalore, to India etc., because of a very simple reason - when the economy is not doing well people are concerned about enhancing productivity, reducing costs, improving customer base etc., because corporations are looking for much better value for money. On the other hand when the economy is doing well of course everybody wants to leverage the power of technology to enhance the scale, to look at new markets etc. So either way whether the economy is doing well or not doing well, I think that there is considerable opportunity for the youngsters from these countries to contribute very effectively to the knowledge revolution."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Mr Murthy and five colleagues started Infosys in 1981, long before anyone talked about 'the new economy or the information age'.
INFOSYS now employs over 10,000 employees worldwide providing IT services to clients globally. And given global concerns about growing inequalities between urban and rural areas whether in Australia or India I asked the man often described as India's IT Ambassador whether information communication technologies could help bridge the urban-rural divide.
[b]NARAYANA MURTHY:[/b] "Well I think you know thanks to the internet, thanks to broadband wireless, we are now able to take the power of health care, education, as well as other application areas to the remotest part of the country in India, because most professionals really don't want to go and settle down in rural areas because the quality of life is not very good. On the other hand if you want to bring their knowledge, their expertise to the remotest areas, I think it's internet that's going to make a big difference."
[b]SUE SLAMEN:[/b] Mr Narayana Murthy, co-founder and Chair of the Board of Infosys technologies.
And I hope that you can join me - Sue Slamen for our next edition of AUSTRALIA NOW when we look at the internationalisation of education.
My thanks to Ryan Egan for technical production. The AUSTRALIA NOW series is produced by Radio Australia in conjunction with the National Centre for Australian Studies at Monash University in Melbourne.
(Music: Digital Get Down by NSync from the album No Strings Attached)
[/quote]
2006-8-7 03:43
城市童话
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2006-8-7 21:50
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2006-12-10 22:13
justin_ye
[quote]原帖由 [i]城市童话[/i] 于 2006-8-7 03:42 发表
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2007-7-15 01:19
chrisfong
从事的工作、生活的家园和休闲方式；为您解读他们赖以生存的环境、管理国家的政治体制以及他们是如何待人处事以及在本地区发展睦邻友好关系的。
转载请注明出自澳洲中文网,本贴地址：[url]http://www.ozchinese.com/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=50404[/url]
转载请注明出自澳洲中文网,本贴地址：[url]http://www.ozchinese.com/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=50404[/url]
2007-7-15 01:21
chrisfong
从事的工作、生活的家园和休闲方式；为您解读他们赖以生存的环境、管理国家的政治体制以及他们是如何待人处事以及在本地区发展睦邻友好关系的。
转载请注明出自澳洲中文网,本贴地址：[url]http://www.ozchinese.com/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=50404[/url]
转载请注明出自澳洲中文网,本贴地址：[url]http://www.ozchinese.com/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=50404[/url]
2007-7-19 17:56
ycfder
地
区性
区性
2007-7-19 22:34
tyg1984711
支持
2007-8-21 20:52
thinkworm
fd
fds
fds
2007-9-8 16:07
babypigsxm
UP
2007-9-12 16:43
bonnie7211
up up
2007-9-22 12:16
icebear
xiedaifangbian !
2007-10-23 11:41
Linus23
look look
2007-10-29 19:27
cici精灵
good
thank you
thank you
2007-11-27 00:32
nightkid3
想听听.
2007-12-1 19:41
celinna
ta
ta
ta
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